Foundations Required Updated 2026-05-29

The HTML doctype

Every HTML document must start with <!doctype html> as its first line. This opts the browser into standards mode; without it, you get quirks mode and broken layout.

What it is

The doctype is a short declaration at the very top of an HTML document that tells the browser which rendering mode to use. In modern HTML, there is exactly one correct form:

<!doctype html>

It is case-insensitive, so <!DOCTYPE html> is equally valid. It must be the first thing in the document, before <html>, with no whitespace, comments, or byte-order mark trickery in front of it.

Why it matters

Without a doctype, browsers fall back to quirks mode — a compatibility layer that emulates the buggy behaviour of browsers from the late 1990s. In quirks mode:

The CSS box model changes (widths include padding and border, like the old IE5 model).
Inline elements behave differently around whitespace.
Many modern CSS features are unreliable or disabled.
Table cell heights, image alignment, and font sizing all shift.

With <!doctype html> you get standards mode, where the browser follows current specifications. There is also a “limited-quirks” (almost-standards) mode triggered by some legacy doctypes, but you should never need it.

In short: one missing line at the top of the document silently changes how every CSS rule on the page is interpreted. It is the cheapest correctness fix on the web.

How to implement

Put the doctype on line one of every HTML response. No XML prolog, no comment, no blank line:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <title>Page title</title>
  </head>
  <body>...</body>
</html>

The old HTML 4 and XHTML doctypes (HTML 4.01 Transitional, XHTML 1.0 Strict, etc.) are obsolete. Replace them with <!doctype html>. The short form is part of the HTML Living Standard and works in every browser back to IE6.

For XML-serialised HTML (XHTML served as application/xhtml+xml), the doctype is optional, but the document must still parse as XML. Almost no public sites need this — serve HTML.

Common mistakes

A blank line, comment, or BOM before <!doctype html>. Anything before the doctype can trigger quirks mode.
Using a legacy HTML 4 or XHTML doctype copied from a 2005 tutorial.
Sending the doctype only on some pages — error pages, print views, and embedded iframes need it too.
Letting a templating engine strip it during minification.

Verification

View source on the page. The very first bytes must be <!doctype html>.
In DevTools, run document.compatMode in the console. It should return "CSS1Compat" (standards mode), not "BackCompat" (quirks).
Check error pages (404, 500), redirect destinations, and any HTML fragments returned by APIs.

Sources & further reading

HTML Living Standard — The DOCTYPE — WHATWG
MDN — Doctype — MDN
MDN — Quirks Mode and Standards Mode — MDN